The Android Tricorder: Infinite diversity...

As per my recent introduction, I have set myself the goal of seven task-based lists of apps that are available for the Android smartphone which will show how it is suited as scientific sensor / analysis / recorder - or as it has been imortalised in popular media, a tricorder!

1. Measurement

It has always made sense for one tool to do a multitude of jobs so, when you take your Android Tricorder with you on away missions in the field, it is helpful that it can perform so many functions. If you are doing construction work it can also answer questions like...

• How far away is it?
• How long is it?
• Is it level / vertical?
• Which way is North?

Still not convinced? Say you're on an archiological expedition and you need to record the position of the columns around the Guardian of Forever? You need a Dioptra, above, a free app that basically turns your smartphone into a pocket theodolite!

2. Astrophotography

Cameras on smartphones have improved immensely in the past few years and after-market camera apps give access to photography controls that make it possible to take photographs in low-light situations previously unimaginable!

For this you need a good camera app like Camera FV5 which allows you to adjust things like exposure and ISO on your photographs in ways that your phone's standard camera can't. It also has the option to take a "burst" group of 3-5 shots which can then be "stacked" with a program like DeepSkyTracker or Autostakkert and then tweaked to give vivid, higher definition photographs of the night sky than you would have thought possible!

3. Light and Colour

What do you do when you want to repaint the shuttlepod and the original paint has gone out of production? Make guesses from a half-dozen brochures of paint chips? Or when you get a chance to see a screen-used example of Kirks command shirt and want to resolve the arguement about whether it was yellow or green?

Luckily your Android Tricorder has a number of apps that will accurately define the colour of things viewed by your smartphone's camera.

Perhaps you want to measure magnitude of the ambient light around you? You could go retro with a digital version of the old light meter you might used with your antique Olympus OM-10, 35mm film camera.

Maybe you want to run a scenario for a possible solar power installation or you want to check if you have the right tilt on your panels?

4. Naked Eye Astronomy

Whilst no one is suggesting that you should keep your head buried in your phone, there are apps for your smartphone that can make your observation of nature and the cosmos in the great outdoors even more engaging. Astronomy apps such as Sky Map, originally developed as Google Sky Map, now donated and open sourced, which can help you find your way around the night sky...

Are you specifically interested in planets? Point your smartphone skywards and Planet Tracker will give you directional arrows to guide you to the position of the planet you are looking for. Perhaps you want to see satellites, the ISS or the Chinese space station Tiangong 2?

5. Magnetometer

Perhaps the most confusing app on your smartphone sensor listing is the magnetometer ...or is it a gauss meter ... or even a Tessla meter? Whatever name it goes under, It is a sensor for measuring the strength and direction of electromagnetic forces and specifically the Earth's magnetic field to orientate the display.

What else can you do with the Magnetometer in your smartphone? Well, one side benefit is that it makes an excellent magnetic compass and can give a reading for the local gravitational field! To a lesser extent, it can be used as a very weak metal detector and they can be used in experiments to measure artificially generated magnetic fields.

Controversially, EMF fields have sometimes been linked to health issues, so finding concentrations might put your mind at ease and there are a number of "ghost-hunting" EMF meters available which are supposed to be of use in paranormal investigation. The problem with this idea though, according to my contact in the Paranormal community is that, since a phone is a significant source of EMF waves itself, the ghost-hunting apps are most probably "detecting" themselves!

6. Nature Study Journal

Imagine you have been dropped on an alien planet - we'll call it Australia! - with the express purpose of investigating new and exotic life forms. Thank goodness you have your trusty Android Tricorder with you, one of your major investigative tools.

You need to know about the weather, where you are locally, globally, on road maps and maps with information about the terrain around you. Lucky your tricorder has a compass, isn't it?

Your tricorder can also be a source of reference material. For example there are free field guide apps to Australian fauna in all states, this one is for NSW, this one is national, others are specific to frogs, and some tell you what to do if the wildlife bites you!

Your smartphone is, of course, primarily a communication tool and this makes it excellent for networking with other citizen scientists by sharing your observations with them! In Australia, Questagame has not only taken off as an engaging way of the public getting involved in environmental research, it has made significant contributions to the field of knowledge, something which inaturalist has done on a global scale.

The advance of scientific knowledge does not always rely on white coated scientists in laboratories or college professors battling through jungle waterways. In many ways it relies on hundreds of small pieces of information contributed by amateur, citizen scientists working in their own neighbourhoods.

That can be you!

7. Sensor suites

So, I have piqued your interest in using your smartphone for something other than social media? It all seems a lot of work, assembling all these tools on your phone, though. You could write such a tool yourself, using Android code but wouldn't it be easier if there was an all-in-one toolkit that gathers these sensors together for you? Say no more! There are in fact a number of sensor suites available that I know of and almost certainly more! Keuwlsoft have probably got the most comprehensive and graphically integrated set of tools. It's pretty powerful as well, it even has a Bluetooth module that controls your own hardware experiments!

There is a set of four apps under the name "Space Rocket", that might appeal to younger users, have been released by two British brothers. These not only look like instruments but they can be calibrated and you can customise their colours!

For something more technologically advanced, Phyphox is a German-developed suite of apps that takes us up to the high school / university / commercial level. It covers all the major sensors and gives user support so that you can use them with built-in experiments or submit their own to their wiki.

My choice though would have to be Physics Toolbox. The creators of this app have created a suite of tools that utilises all the major sensors, added some generators and made it so that you can record the data and transfer it via email or Google Drive so that it can be further analysed and incorporated in outside research. The app has comprehensive instructions and information about the sensors on your phone, as well as a swag of videos on their Youtube channel. It has a "Play mode" which introduces you to your device's sensors through 7 game-based challenges and simple examples of #STEM careers that use them. As you might guess, it is heavily used in education and, to support this, there are a number of lesson plans.

I hope this introduction to the potential locked up in your smartphone moves you to investigate the physical world around you with data that you have recorded and analysed yourself! What smartphone apps have you found useful? Share them with us!

The Android Tricorder, Introduction

Graphic by Nel-C

Australian National Science Week was between 11-19 August and to celebrate, here are seven apps - one for every day of the week - that will turn your Android smartphone into a scientific Tricorder without any extra hardware! You'll notice that I stipulate that I'm talking about an Android smartphone? This is purely because I have one myself and thus can test them out. The Apple iPhone has similar apps which can give it just as much utility! Certainly NASA think so: they have been sending iphones up into space with their astronauts since 2011!

So what is a tricorder and what does it do? The name ‘Tricorder’ comes, need I say, from the TV programme Star Trek - you can build your a papermodel of one designed by Suricata, a graphic designer on Star Trek Online. One early definition of the name was based on the three 'Device Input' lights on The Next Generation (TNG) tricorder shown in great detail in this great Star Trek Fact Files graphic.

All tricorders are by default configured to manage geological (GEO), meteorological (MET), and biological (BIO) functions. Each of these keys can be assigned to manage up to nine remote devices, providing the tricorder with a total of 27 different information sources.

Only having sensors for three categories, no matter how broad the definition, is a little confining, even when we consider that individual tricorders can be linked or 'pooled'. Another definition that is a little more open is based on Geoffrey Mandel's 'Star Fleet Medical Reference Manual', and repeated in the Star Trek TNG and Voyager Technical Manuals, saying that it is “a small sensor / computer / recorder (“TRI-function reCORDER”) with internal power source, drive, memory and logic banks”. I see this definition following the idea of the scientific method: it is a sensor, taking accurate readings, a computer, that analyses those readings, and a recorder, recording the analysis for future reference.

• We formulate a question – “Can we breath unaided on this planet?”
• We formulate a hypothesis - “To breath we need more than 19.5% oxygen in the atmosphere.”
• We make a prediction - “There is more than 19.5% oxygen in the atmosphere.”
• We test to see if our prediction is true – We pull out our tricorder and scan the atmosphere
• We analyse the results – If the graph on the tricorder shows that the oxygen level is over 19.5% then our prediction is true and there is enough oxygen to sustain human life.
• We record the results – In some cases the results might be communicated to others

...HOWEVER THEN...

• We make a new hypothesis and test this - “There is enough oxygen to sustain life but is there anything that will harm us? If there is more than certain percentages of known poisonous gases then we will die. We test for these poisonous gasses and if they are present at more than dangerous concentrations then our hypothesis will be proven

...and if it is disproven, we order the red shirt to be the first to take off his helmet, just to be sure!

Whilst they are not stressed in the cycle described above - hypothesis/prediction/test/analysis/new hypothesis – accurate measurement and recording are vital to the test and analysis stage and communication of these test results are what make peer review possible.

When we think about this in terms of a Star Trek science away mission, the team needs to have a defined survey scope, the tools required to make the necessary measurements, they need to record those measurements and have the tools to analyse them and, if necessary, communicate them to other groups or the ship!

A tricorder can't ask a question, formulate a hypothesis or make a prediction. Like any other piece of technology, it is only as effective as the person using it. What it can do is take measurements, analyse those measurements and then record and communicate them to it's users.

How is any of this of significance to “Everyman” or “Everywoman”? Because, increasingly, in our everyday life, we are being hit by the “Catch 22” messages of, “Figure it out for yourself” and “Don’t trust your own judgement, trust me!” In different situations, both of these could be correct and but both of them have immense problems.

Using the scientific method we should be able to replicate the experiments of the great scientists of the world. One of the bulwarks of peer review is that if researchers in France or India or Canada run an experiment and get a specific set of results, then researchers anywhere in the world should be able to reproduce their results if they follow the same rigorous controls.

You can’t do that with every piece of scientific research – do you have a cyclotron in your back pocket? No? Most everybody does have a reasonably modern mobile phone though and using this, you can follow up on some pretty complex – or pretty basic science.

We live in a world where science as a discipline is under attack, where we are being told by authority figures to “do the maths yourself” and then told to trust their analysis.

It’s true, we should be able to do the maths ourselves, to make observations and from those observations make an analysis that we can then test to refine our results. Most of us own an incredibly sophisticated scientific instrument that we only use for text messages and watching kitten videos!

We are all foot soldiers in the war over science, which side are you one? Both sides are saying that they want you to have faith in their observations and analysis. Science is saying, this is the evidence, test it, if you believe it is wrong, and have verifiable results to back it, tell us, we will change.

After all, it’s only logical.

The Jaguar Who Ate The Moon!

Imagine you lived in ancient times and, during a full moon, you saw a shadow creep across it’s face turning it first red and then totally black? Bear in mind that in nature-based religions, the forces that affected life, not just the Sun, Moon, stars and planets but the Earth, sea and sky, were worshipped as gods. The Moon is nature’s calendar, it’s phases breaking the year up into lunar months, and it was recognised as the force that created the tides on the oceans. How would you feel if something that was so predictable should appear to be devoured by darkness?

Wikipedia

The ancient Egyptians saw the eclipse as a sow swallowing the moon for a short time, the Mayans saw it as a jaguar eating the moon and to the chinese it was a three legged toad. The ancient Mesopotamians saw it as an attack by seven demons. The ancient Greeks on the other hand were ahead of their time by believing that the Earth was round and used the Earth’s shadow causing the lunar eclipse as evidence. For that is, of course, what a lunar eclipse is: the shadow of the Earth moving across the visible face of the moon as it moves through the Earth’s path.

Greg Mortensen

Part of the fascination of actually watching a phenomena such as this from the surface of the Earth is that it gives you a very real idea of the movement of the Sun, Earth and Moon relative to each other. If you want a visual aid to understand it, there are a number of animated gifs online that show how the moon moves into the Earth’s shadow and even what the lunar eclipse would look like from the surface of the moon!

Before sunrise on Saturday July 28 this year a total lunar eclipse was visible from across Australia and New Zealand, the second such eclipse visible in the region this year. It was also the longest eclipse visible this century (counting from 2001 to 2100) at 102 minutes 57 seconds. Being the dutiful citizen scientist that I am, I could not let a chance like this pass by and conscientiously asked my wife to set her alarm to wake me up and at stupid o’clock and, right on time, as alarm clocks do, it went off, waking us both up. Rolling over she completed her wifely duty by elbowing me in the back before drifting back to sleep. Resisting the urge to follow her into the arms of Morpheus, I contemplated the enormity of the task in front of me: I was going to have to get out of a nice warm bed and go out into the cold, cold morning! Did I really want to do it? Yes, because… Science!

Greg Mortensen

I dithered enough, though, so that by the time I had got outside, the eclipse had already started and the full moon was sinking to the West with a sizeable bite out of it already! At least I had an almost totally clear sky! A quick message on social media soon showed that easily half a dozen of my friends had also braved the morning chill but they nearly all had cloud cover that was obscuring their view of the moon. Frankly, I would have welcomed rain clouds because the drought in Eastern Australia is reaching catastrophic proportions and L’Stok Manor is in a water catchment area however there was not a cloud visible that might hold the possibility of rain.

Greg Mortensen

Greg Mortensen, the CO of the USS Tydirium, Sydney’s chapter of Starfleet International, the Star Trek fan club has a great telescope and camera setup, a Canon DLSR on a Meade LX90 reflector, shown on the left with his Meade Star Navigator 102, and got a couple of reasonable shots of the eclipse shown above, even though his view was blocked for most of the morning by cloud.

Over the next day or so, the professional media came up with some awesome photographs but my vote goes to Stephen Mudge for his awesome montage shot that shows the stages of the eclipse, taken once every five minutes and then ’stacked’ to multiply the brilliance of the light.

V'ger to be silenced on April 15

I've just seen on Universe Today that NASA is thinking about closing down it's Voyager programme. NASA plans to make a final decision on their continued support of the JPL mission by April 15.

Voyager 1 and 2 have been out there for 28 years, having been launched in 1977. In that time

"Unsurpassed image quality gave billion's of human eyes extraordinary views only vaguely hinted at using earth-bound telescopes. Jupiter was found to possess a faint ring, volcanoes were seen to erupt from Io - inmost of the four galiliean satellites. Data related to Jupiter's thermal characteristics and massive magnetic field was collected."

Spinning past Saturn, Uranus, and finally Neptune ...

"They resolved stunning details of Saturn's exquisite ring system, and helped understand the role of 'shepherd moons' in holding that ring together. They revealed unresolved features on the Ringed Wonder's globe, and found surprisingly active storm systems. A ring system was discovered on Uranus too, and a large, powerful storm on distant Neptune was complete surprise. They even turned up a total of 22 new satellites. All of this at a cost of $865 million to US taxpayers."

They are now on a new mission, to explore the Kuiper belt and beyond, the threshold of interstellar space. Already it has been useful. "Powerful solar storms caused a series of Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) during October 2003. By mid-April 2004, Voyager 2 had detected the resulting shock waves as they slowed to combine with matter in the Merged Interaction Regions outside the orbit of Pluto. Voyager 2 measured shock speed, composition, temperature, and magnetic flux. When included with data from spacecraft located nearer to the Sun (SOHO, Mars Odyssey, Ulysses, Cassini etc.), Voyager helped show how CMEs move through the Solar System."

From NASA's own Voyager webpage:

"For the past two years or so, Voyager 1 has detected phenomena unlike any encountered before in all its years of exploration. These observations and what they may infer about the approach to the termination shock have been the subject of on-going scientific debates. While some of the scientist believed that the passage past the termination shock had already begun, some of the phenomena observed were not what would have been expected. So the debate continues while even more data are being returned and analyzed. However, it is certain that the spacecraft are in a new regime of space. The observed plasma wave oscillations and increased energetic particle activity may only be the long-awaited precursor to the termination shock. If we have indeed encountered the termination shock, Voyager 1 would be the first spacecraft to enter the solar system's final frontier, a vast expanse where wind from the Sun blows hot against thin gas between the stars: interstellar space." First Hubble, now Voyager, what's next? The Mars rovers? The ongoing cost involved is chicken-feed compared with the cost, in todays dollars, of trying to reproduce the mission! If NASA must shed old programs to concentrate it's funding on the new manned space race then they should at least hand the baton to someone else who might be prepared to run with it!

I wonder if this type of situation might be one where "minding the store" could be handed over to an amateur or educational organisation? What would be the hardware required? What is the current infrastructure of the "watching brief"? How many people, what qualifications, how would it be analysed, who would be interested in the output?

When you consider the popularity of amateur programs such as SETI at home and the search for comets and NEO's - could it be split up into a program that utilises many hands to make light work?

Or could some smaller university take this on as a graduate programme? Surely it would be an excellent candidate for private, state and federal grants? The article mentions "an annual cost of about $4 million a year" could this be cut back?

Perhaps it could be a combination of the amateur and professional? I'm guessing that the hardware to "hear" Voyager would be a large dish like The Parkes Observatory. Perhaps the data could then be handed on to an university or amateur organisation for analysis?

Friends, I'd love to see my tax dollars go towards that!

Climate change focuses downunda

Evidently the international debate on climate change - and what we should do about it - is going to be focussed on Australia for the next week or so (Ah! Fleeting glory!). According to Alan Oxley in the Australian there are to be three international conferences in Australia this week.

THIS week experts on climate change descend on Australia for three international conferences. The Kyoto Protocol is moribund. All focus on the one question: What climate change strategies should we adopt in the future?

Two options have emerged: replace the fractured Kyoto model with another model using regulations to reduce greenhouse gases; or change tack and foster technologies that reduce emissions.

The first is the Australian APEC Study Centre Conference, 'Managing Climate Change: Practicalities and Realities in a post-Kyoto future' Which according Mr Oxley is "a reality check. US and Chinese officials explained why Kyoto is moribund and why the low-emission technology route (rather than regulation) is the only practicable climate change policy.". Of course the fact that he is chairman of the APEC Study Centre at Monash University, which hosted the Canberra conference might have something to do with his attitude.

The second, The Climate Conference, is in Melbourne tomorrow, the 6th. According to Oxley it "is for the cataclysmists.

British government meteorologists will recycle claims that climate change is becoming dangerous ... It is being supported by the British Government and British companies that have become global-warming activists. The Blair Government has adopted expensive energy taxes to reduce emissions (and competitiveness) and is on a global mission to get others to do the same. It failed to shift George Bush and John Howard, but it has evidently persuaded Carr and John Thwaites, Victoria's Deputy Premier and Environment Minister.

The third, the Australia-New Zealand Climate Forum is to be here in Sydney on Thursday & Friday, convened by the Pew Centre, "a privately funded US green foundation that houses environmentalists from the Clinton-Gore administration (Oxley)"

It has been encouraging state governments in the US to set up their own system to control emissions. This conference is supported by national environmental departments in Australia and New Zealand.

... which seems to get right up Alan Oxley's nose.

Perhaps I'm being paranoid but this type of article in the Age just smacks of an establishment white-wash. Oxley's supercilious attitude towards what are obviously his opponents is blindingly obvious - He is so patently right and they are so childishly wrong ... or so he would have us believe.

We are talking about opinions here and politically motivated lobbyists. Where are the facts? Where are the options? Why not do both for example? Regulate the Greenhouse gas creators *and* encourage green technologies? I would have thought this would be a win-win situation.

For anyone who didn't have a vested interest, that is. And this is the impression that Mr Oxley is giving, I'm afraid.

Who says games can't be educational?

I suppose it all seems very serious sometimes - Scientists in white lab coats talking about gravity, trajectories and orbits. Where is the fun in that? It is pretty serious when you are hurtling millions of dollars into space and hoping to use the gravity of other planets to "slingshot" you to where you want to go as they did with the Gallileo and Cassini probes. Luckily someone has thought up a fun way of showing the theory behind it!

BigIdeaFUN.com has a game on their Penguins Arcade called Spaced Penguin! As it says on the web site - "Kevin took a wrong turn and ended up lost in space. Use the highly advanced GPS (Giant Penguin Slingshot) to launch him back to the ship! "

Have fun!

Sugar as a Crystal

As we discussed in class, sugar is a type of crystal, and as such we can grow them. Check out the following links ...

Grow Sugar Crystals - Make Your Own Rock Candy: Sugar crystals are also known as rock candy since the crystallized sucrose (table sugar) resembles rock crystals and because you can eat your finished product.

This one from ChemShorts for Kids suggests another way of growing the crystal from sugar and how to make them into jewelry. Have a look at come of the others on this page and if they look interesting look at the list on their Home page.

This one from the Timbuktu Academy is a bit above your level, but have a look at the diagrams and and see how the molecules I showed you join together in "polymerization".

No, it's not juts a term from Yu Gi Oh!